9 Compulsory Subjects for Science Students in Nigeria (WAEC/NECO) PDF Guide

Education in Nigeria plays a major role in shaping career opportunities, especially for secondary school students preparing for WAEC (West African Examinations Council) or NECO (National Examinations Council). For science students, subject selection is not just about passing exams — it determines the kind of courses you can study at the university, polytechnic, or college of education.

In 2025, the 9 compulsory subjects for science students in WAEC and NECO remain one of the most discussed topics among students, parents, and teachers. Why? Because missing even one of these subjects can block your admission into science-related fields like Medicine, Engineering, Pharmacy, Nursing, Computer Science, or Agricultural Science.

This comprehensive guide explains:

• The full list of 9 compulsory subjects for science students in WAEC/NECO.

• Why each subject is important for admission and career building.

• How WAEC and NECO subject requirements differ from JAMB subject combinations.

• How to prepare for these subjects effectively.

• Common mistakes students make when choosing or registering for subjects.

• A downloadable PDF summary of the compulsory subjects.

Whether you are a secondary school student, parent, or teacher, this guide will help you understand everything about science subject requirements in Nigeria and how to make the best decisions for academic success.

What Are the 9 Compulsory Subjects for Science Students in Nigeria?

Science students in Nigeria are expected to sit for at least 9 core subjects in WAEC and NECO. These subjects are carefully chosen to build a strong foundation in science, mathematics, and communication skills, while also ensuring students meet admission requirements for higher institutions.

Here is the official list of 9 compulsory subjects for science students in WAEC/NECO:

1. English Language

2. Mathematics

3. Biology

4. Chemistry

5. Physics

6. Agricultural Science or Geography

7. Further Mathematics (optional but highly recommended)

8. Civic Education

9. Economics or Computer Studies/ICT

These subjects cover a mix of general compulsory subjects (English, Mathematics, Civic Education) and core science subjects (Biology, Chemistry, Physics). Additional electives like Agricultural Science, Further Mathematics, Economics, or ICT strengthen your qualifications.

Why Are These 9 Subjects Compulsory for Science Students?

1. Admission Requirements

Most universities and polytechnics in Nigeria require at least 5 credits in core science subjects, including English and Mathematics. The 9 compulsory subjects guarantee that you meet this minimum.

2. Balanced Education

WAEC and NECO ensure students have a broad knowledge base — not just in science, but also in communication, civic responsibility, and social studies.

3. Career Preparation

Science fields like Medicine, Pharmacy, Nursing, Engineering, and Computer Science require strong foundations in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics.

4. Global Standards

Nigeria’s curriculum aligns with international education systems, preparing students for both local and international opportunities.

Detailed Breakdown of the 9 Compulsory Subjects

1. English Language

• Why it’s compulsory: English is Nigeria’s official language and the medium of instruction.

• Importance for admission: Every Nigerian university requires a credit in English Language. Without it, you cannot study any course.

• What it covers: Oral English, comprehension, summary, essay writing, and grammar.

2. Mathematics

• Why it’s compulsory: Mathematics builds problem-solving and analytical skills.

• Admission relevance: Almost all courses in Nigeria (science, engineering, social science, and even management) require at least a credit in Mathematics.

• Topics tested: Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry, Statistics, Probability.

3. Biology

• Why it’s compulsory: Biology is the foundation for health and life sciences.

• Career pathways: Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, Microbiology, Agriculture, Biochemistry.

• Topics tested: Ecology, Genetics, Human Anatomy, Plant Science, Physiology.

4. Chemistry

• Why it’s compulsory: Chemistry explains the composition of matter and chemical reactions essential in science.

• Career pathways: Engineering, Biochemistry, Medicine, Pharmacy, Food Science.

• Topics tested: Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Laboratory Techniques.

5. Physics

• Why it’s compulsory: Physics provides knowledge of energy, force, and matter.

• Career pathways: Engineering, Computer Science, Geophysics, Architecture, Aviation.

• Topics tested: Mechanics, Electricity, Waves, Optics, Nuclear Physics.

6. Agricultural Science or Geography

• Agricultural Science: Ideal for students interested in Agriculture, Forestry, Veterinary Science, or Food Technology.

• Geography: Essential for Earth Science, Environmental Science, Urban Planning, and Meteorology.

7. Further Mathematics (Optional but Vital)

• Why it’s important: Strongly recommended for students aiming at Engineering, Computer Science, or Mathematics.

• Topics tested: Calculus, Matrices, Vectors, Mechanics.

8. Civic Education

• Why it’s compulsory: Builds awareness of rights, responsibilities, and governance.

• Admission relevance: Civic Education is a core WAEC/NECO subject, though not always required for university courses.

9. Economics or Computer Studies/ICT

• Economics: Helps students understand finance, trade, and business aspects of science careers.

• ICT/Computer Studies: Essential for technology-driven courses like Computer Science, Information Systems, and Data Science.

Difference Between WAEC/NECO Science Subjects and JAMB Subject Combinations

Many students confuse WAEC/NECO compulsory subjects with JAMB subject combinations. Let’s clarify:

• WAEC/NECO: You must sit for 9 subjects, including English, Mathematics, and the three core sciences.

• JAMB UTME: You select 4 subjects based on your intended course (e.g., Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English for Medicine).

Key Point: WAEC/NECO builds your foundation, while JAMB tests your specialization.

Common Mistakes Science Students Make

1. Ignoring Further Mathematics — Many students skip it, but it helps in engineering and tech courses.

2. Poor preparation for English Language — Some focus only on sciences, forgetting that failing English kills admission chances.

3. Wrong subject choices — Registering Art or Commercial subjects when aiming for science-based careers.

4. Not balancing electives — Choosing subjects that don’t support future career goals.

How to Prepare for the 9 Compulsory Subjects

• Study past questions: WAEC/NECO often repeat similar patterns.

• Join study groups: Collaborative learning strengthens weak areas.

• Use approved textbooks: Stick to WAEC/NECO syllabus-recommended books.

• Practice practicals: Especially for Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.

• Time management: Create a timetable covering all subjects.

Career Pathways Linked to the 9 Subjects

Summary Table: 9 Compulsory Subjects for Science Students (WAEC/NECO)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the 9 compulsory subjects for science students in WAEC/NECO?
English, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Agricultural Science/Geography, Further Mathematics, Civic Education, Economics/Computer Studies.

2. Can I choose Art or Commercial subjects as a science student?
Yes, but it may reduce your chances of admission into science-related courses. Stick to the compulsory list.

3. Is Further Mathematics compulsory for WAEC/NECO science students?
It is not compulsory but highly recommended for engineering and computer-related courses.

4. Can I replace Agricultural Science with Geography?
Yes. WAEC/NECO allows either of the two as a valid subject.

5. Do I need Economics as a science student?
Not compulsory, but it strengthens your knowledge and expands admission opportunities.

6. Can I combine WAEC and NECO results for science courses?
Yes, most universities in Nigeria accept combined results if they meet subject requirements.

7. What happens if I fail English or Mathematics?
You cannot gain admission into any Nigerian university without at least a credit in both English and Mathematics.

8. How many subjects must I register in WAEC/NECO?
You must register at least 9 subjects, including the compulsory science subjects.

9. Which science subjects are needed for Medicine?
English, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, plus any 2 electives like Agricultural Science or Further Mathematics.

10. Which science subjects are required for Engineering?
English, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Further Mathematics, plus supporting electives like Technical Drawing or ICT.

11. Can I download the list of 9 compulsory science subjects in PDF format?
Yes. Many schools and educational platforms provide PDF versions for easy study and record-keeping.

12. Is Civic Education necessary for science students?
Yes. It is part of the general compulsory subjects in WAEC and NECO.

Conclusion: Master the 9 Compulsory Science Subjects for Success

The 9 compulsory subjects for science students in Nigeria (WAEC/NECO) form the backbone of admission into higher institutions. English and Mathematics ensure communication and analytical strength, while Biology, Chemistry, and Physics prepare students for specialized careers in health, engineering, and technology. Supporting electives like Agricultural Science, Geography, and Further Mathematics expand opportunities and keep options flexible.

For every science student, the key to success is strategic subject selection, focused preparation, and consistent practice. By mastering these 9 subjects, you not only secure your WAEC/NECO success but also set a solid foundation for JAMB, university admission, and a lifelong career path.